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The ground is an unexaggerated IGN LiDAR-derived elevation grid. Rendering, cow placement and walking share its triangles.
The aerial image is projected through a fitted camera. Camera alignment is approximate; a 0.5 m grid is not a 0.5 m cow-position guarantee.
Cows come from reviewed model detections. Their hidden markings, body height, some facing directions, grass growth and tree height are estimates. Texture repairs remove photographed cows before adding 3D models.